Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education

Introduction Recent research in education and learning process introduces a number of challenges and constraints that both teachers and students encounter. In particular, numerous studies are dedicated to exploring the traditional frameworks that contribute to teacher training and learning enhancement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More importantly, these research studies also highlight the main pitfalls of traditional curriculum and instruction. In order to improve the learning classroom settings, the scholars explore contemporary techniques in instructing students and training teachers. Specific focus is made on the analysis of collaborative approach to enhancing support of learning and teaching processes, development of alternative theoretical frameworks and concepts, and evaluation of the impact of a socio-cultural context on the classroom environment. The importance of a collaborative approach to a learning process is enormous because it enhances support and assists both teachers and students in exploring new dimensions of knowledge acquisition. Hence, Muir and van Linden (2009) assert that collaboration is vital for motivating students to integrate experimental learning opportunities. Indeed, experimental learning can become a basis for collaborative teaching that can facilitate students’ engagement into a classroom setting. Similar to Muir and van Linden (2009), Wilson et al. (2010) suggest that promoting collaborating can eliminate problems that students of 11-year-old age category experience while learning language. In particular, the researchers consider vocabulary teaching through vocabulary instruction and concept maps as important aspects of collaborative practice. Other theorists and scholars also emphasize the strength of collaboration and supporting mechanisms to enhance tea ching (Hechter et al., 2012; Penuel et al., 2007). Patterns and Trends Specific attention requires the concept developed by Daniel (2011) who focuses on family-school partnerships for developing sustainable pedagogical practice.  The scientific exploration proves that the existence of traditional theoretical frameworks related to improvement of teaching and learning approaches have become obsolete.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, lack of theoretical support requires the development and integration of contemporary, alternative techniques that can be congruent with innovation and technological advancement. In this respect, Hechter et al. (2012) focus on the importance of pedagogical, content and technological knowledge to enhance the role of classroom setting. Penuel et al. (2007) assume that students should be able to use technologies for understanding instructions and e stimating the adequacy of their technological competence. Use of concept maps is another important skill that can advance students’ motivation to acquire knowledge (Wilson et al., 2010). Hence, technology contributes greatly to the development of modern approaches to improving support mechanisms. The proposed findings are confined to the evaluation of recent frameworks and concepts that build the basis of an academic process. In this respect, all the scholars express unanimous opinion concerning the obvious lack of theoretical foundation and conceptualization. Moreover, Wilson et al. (2010) insist on reconceptualization of current techniques in teaching and learning to improve education and create new dimensions for students and teachers’ professional growth and development. Contextual analysis of classroom environment undermines the quality of education because insufficient attention is given to the strategies that teachers apply while providing instructions. In this respect, Daniel (2011) advises to refer to contextual aspect that shapes efficient landscape for working curriculum. In particular, engaging socio-cultural environment provides support to students through family-school collaboration (Wilson et al., 2010). In particular, the importance of context is explained by greater opportunity for students to approach the learning process and gain necessary experience in different disciplines. Theoretical Frameworks In order to understand the techniques and approaches that students employ to understand and perceive the course material, specific emphasis should be placed on the analysis the theories that complement the practical dimension. Due to the fact that the research question seeks to define the contemporary techniques to improving the learning and teaching approach, the attention should be given to such frameworks as the theory of multiple intelligences, conditions of learning, and cognitive frameworks for learning and reading. The theory of multiple intelligences is associated with the diversity of pedagogical approaches that should be implemented in a classroom setting. It also focuses on the necessity to introduce person-centered learning approaches and interactive training. Andronache et al. (2011) analyze the theory and agree with the idea that â€Å"†¦these multiple human faculties, the intelligences, are in a significant extent independent from each other† (p. 19).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the main task of a teach lies in recognizing the competencies and gifts that each student possesses or lacks to employ the corresponding instructions. The connection between the theory and individualized training is evident, which is another aspect that should be taken into consideration to answer the research question. Finally, teac hers should establish educational goals and multiple techniques as a priority in a teaching process.  The theory of conditions of learning proposed by Gagne amplifies the instructor’s role in explaining the course material to students. According to this theoretical framework, it is recommended that the teachers should not only possess knowledge of the subject he/she teachers, but also be able to guide the learning process through implementing relevant learning theories (Alutu, 2006). Appropriate guidance to students ensures creation of favorable conditions for learning, as well as enhances students’ motivation to increase their performance. In particular, Alutu (2006) states, â€Å"the teacher as a guide also demonstrates some leadership roles which have their impact on the learner behavior† (p. 45). In this respect, this branch of educational psychology relies on successful interaction with the course materials that need to be learnt by students. Therefore, t he theory of conditions of learning provides a sufficient platform for answering the research question concerning how students with different abilities can be approached in a classroom setting. Finally, the cognitive learning theory examines the significance of developing specialized mechanisms for students to respond to the material they learn during classes. Perception, attitude and behavior have a potent impact on students’ readiness to cognize the new material. More importantly, cognitive models are relevant for integrating experimental learning. According to Turton (2012), â€Å"†¦experimental learning model offers an appropriate four-domain learning cycle that includes procedural and perceptual learning and critical reception† (p. 34). Additionally, the theory focuses on the roles and models that students take during a learning process. Cognitive theory also allows the teachers to take a different look at the reading classes. Indeed, reading comprehension is premised on a number of cognitive factors, as well as students’ aptness to understand the teacher’s instructions. Finally, the awareness of unique response mechanisms that students use provides a wider picture on the concrete experience they gain during a learning process.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the proposed theory is of high relevance for the introduced research because it integrates a variety of teaching strategies. What is more important is that the theory implies an action-oriented approach to understanding the basic concepts. References Alutu, A. N. (2006). The Guidance Role of the Instructor in the Teaching and Learning Process. Journal of Instructional Psychology. 33(1), 44-49. Andronache, D., Boco, M., Stanciu, D. I., Racula, R. O. (2011). The Valences of Multiple Intelligences Theory in Optimizing the Training Process. Journal of Educational Sciences, 18-28. Daniel, G. (2011). Family-school partnerships: towards sustainable pedagogical practice. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 39 (2), 165–176. Hechter, R., Phyfe, L. D., Vermete, L. A. (2012). Integrating Technology in Education: Moving the TPCK Framework towards Practical Applications. The University of Western Australia, 39, 136-152. Muir, G. M., van Linden, G. J. (2009). Students T eaching Students: An Experiential Learning Opportunity for Large Introductory Psychology Classes in Collaboration with Local Elementary Schools. Teaching of Psychology, 36, 169–173. Penuel, W., Boscardin, C., Masyn, K. and Crawford, V. (2007). Teaching with student response systems in elementary, Education Technological Research Developement, 55, 315–346. Turton, W. (2012). Honing Cognitive Behavior Therapy Skills through Experimental Learning. Mental Health Practice. 15(10), 33-35. Wilson, G., Nash, M., Earl, G. (2010). Supporting students with language learning difficulties in secondary schools through collaboration: The use of concept maps to investigate the impact of teachers’ knowledge of vocabulary teaching. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 26 (2), 163–179. This essay on Patterns and Trends and Theoretical Frameworks in Education was written and submitted by user Braxton House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Woman Warrior

East Meets West Children raised in a culture different from their parents’ often present an interesting viewpoint. The Woman Warrior: Memories of a Girlhood Among Ghosts is no exception. Maxine Hong Kingston masterfully blends the mythical storytelling of Old China with her past and present experiences in the United States. In doing so, she addresses several different angles of this culture clash, including the role of women in each society, the backward logic in both languages, and the general resistance the author’s mother faces to cultural change. Kingston addresses these issues in a stream of consciousness format that enables her to fade in and out of different setting without ever formally notifying the reader. Kingston spends much of the book analyzing the role of women in Chinese society. The book opens with an oral history, given by the author’s mother (Brave Orchid), of a nameless aunt in Old China who committed adultery. The people of village responded to strayed morals by ransacking her family’s home. In response, she killed herself and her bastard child. The subservience of women can also be found the narrator’s own childhood experiences. It seems every time Kingston turns around she is being denied some right or privilege a boy would enjoy; she is consistently referred to as a â€Å"slave†. Much of the family goes along with this, â€Å"Throughout childhood my sister said ‘When I grow up, I want to be a slave,’ and my parents would laugh, encouraging her.†, ironic when one considers that many women in China were real slaves. Women of higher family status were viewed more as trophy’s devoid of responsibility or leadershi p. Such is the case for Moon Orchid, Brave Orchid’s sister, who she comes to America infuriated over her husband’s decades long abandonment of her. She proves herself to be inadequate of handling even the most simple of tasks; and when the time came for her to confront h... Free Essays on Woman Warrior Free Essays on Woman Warrior East Meets West Children raised in a culture different from their parents’ often present an interesting viewpoint. The Woman Warrior: Memories of a Girlhood Among Ghosts is no exception. Maxine Hong Kingston masterfully blends the mythical storytelling of Old China with her past and present experiences in the United States. In doing so, she addresses several different angles of this culture clash, including the role of women in each society, the backward logic in both languages, and the general resistance the author’s mother faces to cultural change. Kingston addresses these issues in a stream of consciousness format that enables her to fade in and out of different setting without ever formally notifying the reader. Kingston spends much of the book analyzing the role of women in Chinese society. The book opens with an oral history, given by the author’s mother (Brave Orchid), of a nameless aunt in Old China who committed adultery. The people of village responded to strayed morals by ransacking her family’s home. In response, she killed herself and her bastard child. The subservience of women can also be found the narrator’s own childhood experiences. It seems every time Kingston turns around she is being denied some right or privilege a boy would enjoy; she is consistently referred to as a â€Å"slave†. Much of the family goes along with this, â€Å"Throughout childhood my sister said ‘When I grow up, I want to be a slave,’ and my parents would laugh, encouraging her.†, ironic when one considers that many women in China were real slaves. Women of higher family status were viewed more as trophy’s devoid of responsibility or leadershi p. Such is the case for Moon Orchid, Brave Orchid’s sister, who she comes to America infuriated over her husband’s decades long abandonment of her. She proves herself to be inadequate of handling even the most simple of tasks; and when the time came for her to confront h...

An Effective Speaker Paper Comparison Critique of 2 Famous Speeches Essay

An Effective Speaker Paper Comparison Critique of 2 Famous Speeches - Essay Example Steve is the most appropriate speaker for the Stanford audience, because of his experience in the technology field, for which the university is renowned. In the course of delivering his speech, Steve Jobs adopts a conversational approach. This is particularly evident when he reminisces about how he founded Apple, Inc with his co-founder, Steve Wozniak. Instead of referring to his partner with his full name he states â€Å"Woz and I started Apple.† This statement evokes a mental picture of two close allies and it is a good choice of words. This is especially because the audience comprises of graduates, who often perceive the ceremony to be a point in time when close friends diverge perhaps never to meet again. Steve also utilizes a simple and customary delivery approach. This is evident throughout the fourteen and a half minutes long speech. For instance, he summarizes his entire speech using four simple phrases; first he states that he will narrate three stories to the audienc e. He then outlines the three narrative topics as â€Å"a story about connecting dots† (0.23), â€Å"a story about love and loss† (5.32) and finally â€Å"a story about death† (14.33). ... This serves to ensure that the audience gets sufficient time to assimilate the information. For instance, at the end of his first story about backward connection of dots, Steve poses for about six seconds when he says â€Å"even when it leads you off the well-worn path†¦ and that will make all the difference† (5.18). The pause is intended to ensure that the audience acknowledges the importance of exploration and persistence. Steve’s relatively casual opening, his conversational delivery approach, simplicity and use of pauses in the course of the address, are all attributes that make his speech effective. These are all features that resonate with the principally young audience. They are also attributes that enable him to effectively convey his primary lessons on mortality, the importance of individuals loving their work and the essence of courage in following one’s intuition. However, the speech is not without few flaws. The first and most notable flaw is tha t, Steve constantly reads from his transcript and hardly maintains eye contact with his audience. This denies him the chance to fully connect with the listeners as shown by their occasional disinterest. The other outstanding fault is the speaker’s partial fail at comedic delivery. For instance, when Steve states that â€Å"I didn’t even know what a pancreas was† (10:07), he delivers the line in passing and does not even pause to relieve the audience’s tension. Another example is when he says â€Å"No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there† (11:40). However, the partially failed attempt at humor could be attributable to the speaker’s effort to imitate academic oration; to evoke empathy from listeners, or to emphasize the magnitude of

Doritos Super Bowl Commercial Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Doritos Super Bowl Commercial Campaign - Essay Example The Doritos’ Super Bowl campaign gives insights on what innovative organizations can do to make their marketing more effective and capture the attention of consumers in the market. Designed by Frito-Lay, the campaign is an online competition run annually, which gives consumers the chance to create their Doritos advertisements and the best aired in the Super Bowl. The contest is the largest online video competition globally, and undoubtedly, one of the most successful in its caliber according to last year’s YouTube impressions. Owing to the fact that the results justify the means used, it is evident that Doritos’ marketing techniques are the cause of this profound success, some of which are analyzed in this paper. The context of participatory marketing in Doritos Chief marketing Officer at Frito-Lay, Ann Mukherjee clearly postulates that participatory marketing is the future of contemporary marketing. She notes that the success behind the idea of Super Bowl lies w ithin the recognition of the upcoming branding trends, where the consumers are actively involved in the branding process by the company. As a key strategy, Frito Lay recognizes the great impact that active participation contributes to modern marketing, attributing to the fact that people are not just passive recipients of information, but active contributors in the production and distribution of brands and their contents in their various kinds (Boone, and Kurtz 56). The campaign relays useful techniques that underlie consumer-generated content advertising, which makes the consumers virtually own the brands and remain loyal to the brands that they have helped to build and this fact has continually improved the sales of the company. From the graph and table below, the introduction of the Crush Super Bowl contest in January 2012 had a tremendous effect on the sales in that month. In this respect, participatory marketing strategies are very effective and according to Doritos, an immedia te effect on the popularity of the brands. The period that preceded the ad contest also experienced customer response due to the anticipation that the advertisements of the contest had on the consumers. The data showing the percentage increase in sales due to the 2012 contest is shown below. Time 26th Dec 2011 26th Jan 2012 29th Feb. 2012 28th Mar 2012 Percentage increase 6.2 % 7.9 % 5.8 % 5.2 % Consumer inclusive approaches to marketing, according to research prove the most lucrative and successful of trends, making it an irresistible package for modern marketers. In perspective, the success of the campaign is often attributed to the way in which Frito-Lay tracks and evaluates performance of the competition. Since the launch of the campaign, Frito-Lay has continued to test the media value of the competition, online pass-along measures as well as the brand equity. (Hines, and Bruce 44) further recommends the growth of the above measures with time to correspond with the market condit ions and continued changes in tastes and preferences of the consumers. Trusting consumers of information In addition, Frito-Lay works on the principle that the consumer is the best source of information on what the market needs (Tadajewski and Brownlie 92). The campaign has achieved much since its inception because Frito-Lay trusts their consumers. Although most marketers have

Population Learning Importance To Quantity Of Education Economics Essay

Population Learning Importance To Quantity Of Education Economics Essay In every economy, the education sector is considered to be one of the biggest industries and in the twenty first century it is regarded as major contributor to economic growth and development of any country. There is a positive link between economic productivity and investment in human capital as they both are dependent on each other. Many authors have studied that a country can earn high returns if they invest properly in human capital. However today, many developing countries are facing problems with education quality. And there is an argument in academics also that what contributes to economic development quality or quantity in education (Hanushek Kimko, 2000, Gills et al., 1996, Mingat and Tan, 1996; Psacharopoulos, 1994; Krueger Lindahl, 2000; Hanushek Woessmann, 2007, Heyneman, 2004). Many theoretical and empirical findings have suggested that the economic development of a country is determined by its human capital and human capital is considered to be critical especially for the under developed or developing countries as they need to strive hard to achieve high economic growth (Barro, 1991, 1997, Barro Lee, 1993, Chen, Feng, 1996, Feng, 1997, Persson Tabellini, 1992 cited in Chen Feng, 2000). UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2007. As in the case of China, whose GDP growth rate has been very impressive from several years the demand for education has been increased. However, the resources required to meet this educational demand are not sufficient. Hence the government in China has decided to invest immensely in the education sector in coming years as that leads to economic development and also raises the standards of living. (Wen and Yang, 2005 cited in Iacov.D, 2009).13.0% of government spending goes to education in China (UNESCO, 2007). There has been a debate in the literature as to whether what matters the most in the economic development of a country is it quality or quantity of education? (Ferranti, 2003, Cheng Tam, 1997, Link Ratledge, 1975). It has been argued when evaluating approximately the effect of education on economic development of a country it is crucial to focus on knowledge and learning instead of counting how long students have attended the school i.e. Quality is more important rather than mere quantity. It has also been suggested that although quality and quantity of education both leads to economic development of a country but quality of education has major effect on economic growth of a country (Hanushek Woessmann, 2007, Barro, 2001, Bosworth Collins, 2003). From several years the literature on link between education and economic growth of any country has been focusing on the importance of quantity of education and purely neglected the issue of quality of education and has also overlooked the core of what education is all about. It has been suggested that the earnings of an individual is directly affected by improvement in quality of education as it leads to greater productivity. An individual who procures more knowledge can enter the labour markets quickly and with greater capacity. However, it has been argued by Wolf, 2004 that although higher education can lead to high productivity and better quality of education but then it differs from country to country as circumstances are different in each of the countries. It has also been suggested that the workers productivity cannot be increased in the labour market by just spending long years of schooling (quantitative) rather than that it depends on workers experience (qualitative) (Solmon, 1985, Monastiriotis, 2002, Wolf, 2004). However, it has been argued that measuring the impact of quantity of education on the economic development of a country is not easy. And one of the main reasons for this is that both quality and quantity of education are equally necessary in order to determine the effects of education on the skills of work force i.e. High levels of schooling and greater amount of knowledge acquired at each level of education. However, Mingat 1996 argues that Quantity can be easily measured through various means like enrolment ratio and years of schooling because as the technology changes the demand for higher level of education increases. It has also been argued that there has been no sufficient research conducted on the subject of quality of education by the academics (Cheng, 1995, Mingat, 1996, Smart, 2004). However it has been argued that if an individual possesses higher education he is in better position to earn higher wages in the labour market than those who just have knowledge and skills. But this may not necessarily lead to the economic development of the country. In the past there was limited need of education because people were mainly engaged in agriculture which required less knowledge and experience. But today at the various stages of economic development of a country labour market demands for well qualified, trained and educated workforce has been increasing. Therefore, the central issue here is that quantity of education is more important as the supply of qualified people in the labour markets is a necessary criterion today which contributes to the economic development (Ramlee, 2007, Card 1994, Sianesi Reenen, 2003). Behrman and Birdsall, 1983 Boissiere et al., 1985 cited in Mingat 1996 that the governments throughout the world are investing heavily in the quality of education. In several countries like Brazil, Tanzania and Kenya research that was linked to job performance and education was conducted and it was seen that not only quantity but the quality of education is crucial for economic development of a country. It has been stated that to measure the returns from education and its impact on economic development of a country both the quality of learning and the quantity of schooling must be considered (Mingat, 1996). However in the case of developing country like China, the country is struggling with the issue of quality of education as there has been rapid massification of higher education in China. In China quality of education is very low than what has been expected. This is because their attitude towards adopting western culture is not very encouraging. But still China is making efforts to increase its quality of education by joining hands with Germanyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s experts on quality management and quality assurance. This will be beneficial for China as Germany has one of the worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s best known quality education system. Also In vocational training and higher education, Germany has developed quality management and quality assurance standards in accordance with the Bologna Process and Copenhagen Process. From several years China has been mainly focusing on the issue of quantity of education and they have completely ignored the qualitative a spects which had led to the mismatch of demand and supply of Chinese Graduates in the labour market, thus leaving many graduates unemployed (Guyer, 2005, Brandenburg Zhu, 2007, Schulte, 2010, RIETI, 2010). Also For example in a country like Mauritius, they have been concentrating on improving both the quantity and quality of its higher education system. Since 1989, the number of students enrolling themselves in universities has been increasing tremendously it was around 40 initially which has risen to over 400 students today. It has also collaborated with other universities for improving their quality issues in education. Economic Growth of the country has been the central focus of the education system in Mauritius. They have designed their educational courses in such a way that the economy benefits the most from courses like engineering, it has lead to the technological development, textile, it has been the major contributor of economic growth since several years in Mauritius, law and management etc as all the above degrees contributes to the economic growth of the country and the economy can diversify into the highly profitable sectors. Hence quality and quantity of education has bee n the crucial factor for the economic development of Mauritius. (Bloom, Canning Chan, 2006). However, it has been critically argued that as and when the earnings of an individual increases, and people become richer the demand for education in turn also increases but there is lack of empirical evidence as to whether the countries who spend more on education and training reap economic benefits or not an also there is still consensus in the literature that whether quality or quantity of education leads to economic development of a country (Wolf, 2004). The second issue has been the role of Human capital theory and screening theory in quality and quantity of education and its effect on economic growth. Both of these theories are considered to be most important theories in the economics of education. These theories suggest that there exists a direct and positive relationship between earnings and education which leads to the economic development of the country. Human capital theory suggests that the skills of an individual are directly affected by education and it also affects ability of a person to earn profits in the labour market. The main reason behind this is that the better educated and trained workers have higher productivity and also they possess ability to learn more which in turn leads to the economic benefit as well as social benefit. This further leads to economic development of a country. The Human capital theory suggests that if an individual enrol themselves in number of courses, obtain high scores in their exams and fi nd a suitable job for themselves this all will improve the earning capacity of an individual. Human Capital theory further states that the education comes with economic benefits so it is generally productive. (Weiss, 1995, Becker, 1964, Schultz, 1975, Feng Liang, 2009). However in contrast to human capital theory, screening hypothesis assumes that the capacity for productivity depends on individuals themselves and that the education rarely has any effect on productivity of an individual. And according to screening hypothesis, high test scores and class ranks will not necessarily lead to significantly higher earnings or economic development of a country. Also screening theory argues for the informative value of education. In short human capital theory suggests that economic value of education is productive as compared to screening theory which argues that greater productivity can be obtained through informative value of education which enhances economic growth. (Spence, 1973; Stiglitz, 1975; Riley, 1979 cited in Feng Liang, 2009). On the basis of empirical research it was seen that Chinese labour market for higher education graduates is characterised by the signalling or screening hypothesis. In the Chinese labour market, employers give priority to the total number of degrees obtained by an individual and years of schooling i.e. quantity of education rather than the ranks of an individual in class or credits obtained by them i.e. quality of education. Also the higher education system of China has adopted screening hypothesis to admit deserving students (FengLiang, 2009). There is another major argument in the literature, about who should pay for education? It was observed that in many developing countries the Central Government finances the basic education on a large scale. It has been suggested that the subsidies which government provides to finance education of a country increases the quality as well as quantity of education. Also many Individuals consider education as a cost rather than an investment this may hamper the economic development of a country because less number of students will enrol themselves in the higher education courses. And governments should pay only for primary education as it leads to social benefit whereas investment in higher education leads to private benefits. Hence investment in mandatory education increases the quality of education as people are equipped with basic knowledge and skills which also leads to the economic growth of a country as its literacy rate increases. An individual should pay for higher education becau se he gets better qualifications and he can eventually earn more when he enters the labour market. High earnings can lead to high productivity and lower the rate of unemployment, also when well educated and trained individuals earn more they need to pay more taxes to government and hence the burden of government finances on education decreases which will increase quality and quantity of education and thus the government can use that money to invest in other sectors of the economy which further contributes to the economic development of the country. (Cummings Riddell, 1994, Woodward, et al, 2000, Bloom et al, 2006). However the idea of individual spending on education has remained a subject of debate and it has been argued that government alone should not pay for education. Tilak argues that an individual benefits the most from the basic as well as higher education so he should pay for his education expenses and government should not intervene in this. Moreover the demand for training and education institutions have been increasing this clearly indicates that people are willing to invest in private education so government should not be the main suppliers. It has been argued that if the governments are the only suppliers of financing the education then there can be a problem because the education resources for public are declining and the demand for the same has been increasing tremendously so if only the government pays for education then the quality of education will be declined this is the case with China as well. (Alchian, 1968 cited in Brown, 2001 and West, 1995 cited in Raines, Leathers, 2003, Mwikisa, 1999, Tilak, 2003). Ling and Zhang, 2006 cited in Iacov, 2009 that the funding of education in China has been very low and this is still the same. The education system in China has undergone a change wherein previously they had centralised system of financing for education i.e. the Central Government was considered to be the main supplier of education. But now they have adopted decentralised system of education and hence the Central Government is not the sole administrator or financier of basic and secondary education. The local Chinese governments mainly finances the mandatory education and generally the full cost of secondary education this will improve the quality of education (Iacov, 2009, Rong and Shi, 2001, Zhao, 2009). However, Zhang Kong, 2009 argues that the Chinese Government must make increasing efforts to raise their investments in the education system because it is essential for the economic development of a country and also education is the major contributor to the GDP of any country. People must be relieved from contributing to the cost of education (Zhang Kong, 2009) Summers, 1992 cited in Mingat, 1998 that investment in primary education is generally regarded as a cost effective instrument as broader social objectives can be achieved which leads to the social economic development of the country. Harbison and Hanushek, 1992 Hanushek, Lavy, and Hitomi, 2006 cited in Hanushek, Woessmann, 2007 that there is the direct link between education quality and primary education as in the case of Brazil there are increasing rates of repeaters and school dropouts hence achieving skills through primary education can lower the chances of getting failed. In many primary schools of Egypt the dropout ratios of students are higher because of the low quality of Primary education and failure to achieve cognitive skills at primary level. This in turn has affected the economic growth of the country, hence it is crucial for governments to invest in quality of Primary education so that the dropouts and repeaters ratio is reduced and economic development of the country is achieved (Mingat, 1998, Hanushek, Woessmann, 2007). It was also found that the Asian Economies who were investing heavily in the primary education were very successful in achieving the quality of education which further leads to the social benefits and the overall economic growth for the country. It has been stated that the economic growth and productivity of a country depends upon its investment in quality of primary education. In a study done by Hanushek and Wobman, 2007 it was suggested that as the number of years of schooling advances it contributes to the economic growth of the country by 0.58% (Burnett, 1996, Yeung Mathieson, 1998, UNESCO/ OECD 2003). However, Psacharopoulos, 1994 cited in Mingat, 1996 and Hanushek and Wobman, 2007 argues that in the developing countries even though rate of return is higher from lower levels of education but this higher rate of return from lower levels do not necessarily contribute to the economic development of country. It has been critically argued that in the countries like Ghana, Brazil, Pakistan, United States, Mexico, and Indonesia although investment in Primary education leads to greater returns but as compared to the secondary and higher education the returns are relatively low. Also it has been argued that if the quality of primary education is very poor then the returns will also be low. Some of the countries like India, China, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh they donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t spend much for primary education it is just around 7% of the per capita Gross Domestic Product (Fasih, 2008, Schultz, 2003, Ferranti, 2003, Manacorda, Sanchez, Paramo and Schady 2005 cited in Fasih, 2008, Kingdon and Soderbom, 2007, Copper, 1980). However, there have been many problems in investing in the primary education one of them is there is a wide gap between years of schooling and the investments made in it hence it takes long time for educated and well qualified people to enter the labour markets. Secondly, some portion of Investments are also lost due to number of dropouts, repeaters and if the quality of training and education is low. The Third main problem of investing in the primary education is that some of the individuals after completing their education they never take part in the labour markets because of some restrictions this is generally prominent in the case of women and also many talented, well qualified and trained individuals migrate to some other countries hence there is a loss of stock of human capital which further affects the development of any economy as brain drain is a kind of loss to the country (Psacharopoulos and Arriagada, 1986). Conclusion

Divorce Essay -- essays research papers

Divorce among Americans is rampant. Anymore, divorces are as common as marriages themselves. Couples marry and then something goes wrong in their relationship, so they divorce. Although a divorce may be hard on the adults involved, what about the children? What happens to the kids of these broken marriages? Some parents who are going through a divorce wonder what the effects of their divorce will be on their children. They worry that the divorce will cause their children emotional problems that will affect them for the rest of their lives. These worries are not unreasonable. Depending on the age of the child, the effects of divorce can vary. Small children do not understand what is happening at all. They can’t comprehend why Mommy and Daddy do not live together anymore. Sometimes small children are afraid that if Daddy doesn’t live with them anymore, then Mommy might leave too. Some small children may revert to less mature behavior. A child may start to use a pacifier again, or a child that has been potty trained may begin to have multiple "accidents." Children who are a little older and in the beginning years of school (6 to 8 years old} usually respond to their parents divorce with grief. They tend to cry a lot. These children, no matter what their previous relationship with the absent parent was, feel a great sense of loss for this parent. The absent parent, though not always, is usually the father. These young children usually begin to idolize ...

Consequentiality and Deontology

CRG 520 ASSIGMENT THE MOVIE REVIEW ISTANBUL AKU DATANG PREPARED BY: NAME: NURUL HASIKIN BINTI NGAH MATRIC NO: 2011646112 GROUP: AC2204A Istanbul Aku Datang is a movie about a sweet and naive blogger named Dian who travels to Istanbul in plan to make her boyfriend, Azad, a medical student, to propose to her. She enrols in language course in the same university as Azad and in the period of three months, she hopes that her plan on convincing her boyfriend to propose her will be success.Due to the unexpected circumstance that come to her way, Dian have to move out from Azad’s house and rent out another apartment without knowing that the apartment is already tenant. Despite of being cheating and runs out of money, Dian tries out her very best to clear the situation and build a good relationship with the rightful tenant of the house, Harris who is a quirky and shy artist while tries to hide from her boyfriend the truth that she is sharing the apartment with a guy. The stakeholders i n this movie are Dian, Azad and Harris. Dian’s stakes is to ensure that Azad will be her husband.Azad’s stakes is to keep Dian as her girlfriend but not telling her that he got someone else while Harris’s stakes is to stay in the apartment without have to share it with Dian. The main villain in this movie is Azad while the hero and heroine are Dian and Harris respectively. The ethical dilemma of the villain Azad is whether to being honest and tells the truth to Dian that he already have another girlfriend. The ethical dilemma of the hero, Harris is whether to let Dian stay with him with the fact that Dian have been cheated and got no money left to rent another house.The ethical dilemma of the heroine, Dian is whether to being honest to tell Azad that she is actually sharing the same apartment with Harris. Ethical or Moral Issues The ethical or moral issue in the movie is about honesty. The main villain in this movie is not being honest since he is cheating behin d his girlfriend, Dian who is actually very loyal towards him. His egoism have avoid him from telling the truth to Dian and makes excuses to make sure Dian do not stay with him maybe because he is afraid that Dian will knows that he is not being loyal.Dian also do not being honest because she is not explaining the truth is she is sharing a place to stay with Harris. The other ethical issue is sympathy. This issue could be seen by the character of Harris who feels sympathy towards Dian, who get cheated by Saleem. So, he let Dian stays with him even though he do not likes her at first because of some misunderstandings. Harris also feels sympathy towards Dian when Dian knows that Azad is cheating with another woman. He keeps her accompanies and tries to make her happy. The third issue is trustworthiness.This issue could be seen by the character of another Villain which is Saleem. Saleem is the person who cheats Dian to rent out the apartment that already being rented by Harris. He did this for his self-interest to get money easily Consequentalist Point of View Consequentialism is the class of  normative ethical theories  holding that the consequences  of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence.From a consequentialist point of view, the action of Azad who cheating behind his girlfriend is unethical because at the end we can see that because of that action they finally broke up. Furthermore, the consequence of his action causing Dian to feel very sad and broke her pride after an embarrassing fight with his another girlfriend. The action of Saleem is also wrong or unethical because the consequence of his action cause Dian to be in such a harsh situation where she have no money left to rent out another apartment after knowing that the apartment that Saleem rent to her already have a tenant.Deont ology Point of View Deontological ethics  is the  normative ethical  position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. Deontology derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself rather than the outcomes of the conduct. From the deontology point of view, the action of Dian who do not tells Azad that she is sharing the same apartment with Harris is a right action. She did that because she does not want Azad to misunderstand her.Besides, she also wants to please Azad that she already gets a safe place to stay. Plus, she has to do that because she is cheated and it’s not like she is willingly staying with a stranger especially a male. The action of Harris who let someone’s girlfriend stays with him and helps her to hides the matter from her boyfriend is also a right action. This is his action is based on sympathizes and she just want to help her who is helpless that time. Golden RuleThe Golden Rule is an ethical code  or  morality that essentially states either the positive form of Golden Rule or the negative form Golden Rule. Positive form of Golden Rule states that one should treat others as one would like others to treat him while negative form of Golden Rule states that one should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated. If I were in Azad’s shoes I would not at the first place cheating behind Dian. This is because Azad was very angry and frustrated when she thought that Dian was cheating with Harris.In that case, I should have being loyal and faithful so that Dian will also do the same things to me because I believe if I cheat her, she must be very angry and sad too. Plus, Dian is very loyal and honest to me so there is no such thing that she is being unfaithful. As the villain, I think Azad would be very remorse because he had lied to Dian since Dian finally not choosing him as her future husband. Even though Di an wants to give him second chance Dian finally realised that she actually should have choose Harris who seems to be more honest.As for Saleem, he also must feels guilt for cheating on Dian’s money. He also must be very shame when the real landlord brought him to meet Dian and Harris to explain the truth and return the money back to Dian for justice. Lessons From the movie Istanbul Aku Datang, I have learnt that to build a good relationship with others, we must be very honest about our feeling. If we are honest and sincere in our relationship, the other could feel our sincerity. This is what happens between Dian and Harris. How Harris could ever win over Dian’s heart in a short time if it is not because of his honesty and sincerity.By the time, when he at first let Dian gives Azad the second chance because he is altruistic and want to see Dian happy, he realised that Dian will be happier if Dian with him. So, he runs after Dian and though his eyes, Dian could see the s incerity and causing her to choose Harris instead of Azad. In conclusion, honesty is the best policy. The second thing that I have learnt is we should not take advantages over someone else’s problem for our own self-interest. This is because at the of the day we will get the punishment, either sooner or later because I believe that what goes around comes around. Consequentiality and Deontology CRG 520 ASSIGMENT THE MOVIE REVIEW ISTANBUL AKU DATANG PREPARED BY: NAME: NURUL HASIKIN BINTI NGAH MATRIC NO: 2011646112 GROUP: AC2204A Istanbul Aku Datang is a movie about a sweet and naive blogger named Dian who travels to Istanbul in plan to make her boyfriend, Azad, a medical student, to propose to her. She enrols in language course in the same university as Azad and in the period of three months, she hopes that her plan on convincing her boyfriend to propose her will be success.Due to the unexpected circumstance that come to her way, Dian have to move out from Azad’s house and rent out another apartment without knowing that the apartment is already tenant. Despite of being cheating and runs out of money, Dian tries out her very best to clear the situation and build a good relationship with the rightful tenant of the house, Harris who is a quirky and shy artist while tries to hide from her boyfriend the truth that she is sharing the apartment with a guy. The stakeholders i n this movie are Dian, Azad and Harris. Dian’s stakes is to ensure that Azad will be her husband.Azad’s stakes is to keep Dian as her girlfriend but not telling her that he got someone else while Harris’s stakes is to stay in the apartment without have to share it with Dian. The main villain in this movie is Azad while the hero and heroine are Dian and Harris respectively. The ethical dilemma of the villain Azad is whether to being honest and tells the truth to Dian that he already have another girlfriend. The ethical dilemma of the hero, Harris is whether to let Dian stay with him with the fact that Dian have been cheated and got no money left to rent another house.The ethical dilemma of the heroine, Dian is whether to being honest to tell Azad that she is actually sharing the same apartment with Harris. Ethical or Moral Issues The ethical or moral issue in the movie is about honesty. The main villain in this movie is not being honest since he is cheating behin d his girlfriend, Dian who is actually very loyal towards him. His egoism have avoid him from telling the truth to Dian and makes excuses to make sure Dian do not stay with him maybe because he is afraid that Dian will knows that he is not being loyal.Dian also do not being honest because she is not explaining the truth is she is sharing a place to stay with Harris. The other ethical issue is sympathy. This issue could be seen by the character of Harris who feels sympathy towards Dian, who get cheated by Saleem. So, he let Dian stays with him even though he do not likes her at first because of some misunderstandings. Harris also feels sympathy towards Dian when Dian knows that Azad is cheating with another woman. He keeps her accompanies and tries to make her happy. The third issue is trustworthiness.This issue could be seen by the character of another Villain which is Saleem. Saleem is the person who cheats Dian to rent out the apartment that already being rented by Harris. He did this for his self-interest to get money easily Consequentalist Point of View Consequentialism is the class of  normative ethical theories  holding that the consequences  of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence.From a consequentialist point of view, the action of Azad who cheating behind his girlfriend is unethical because at the end we can see that because of that action they finally broke up. Furthermore, the consequence of his action causing Dian to feel very sad and broke her pride after an embarrassing fight with his another girlfriend. The action of Saleem is also wrong or unethical because the consequence of his action cause Dian to be in such a harsh situation where she have no money left to rent out another apartment after knowing that the apartment that Saleem rent to her already have a tenant.Deont ology Point of View Deontological ethics  is the  normative ethical  position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. Deontology derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself rather than the outcomes of the conduct. From the deontology point of view, the action of Dian who do not tells Azad that she is sharing the same apartment with Harris is a right action. She did that because she does not want Azad to misunderstand her.Besides, she also wants to please Azad that she already gets a safe place to stay. Plus, she has to do that because she is cheated and it’s not like she is willingly staying with a stranger especially a male. The action of Harris who let someone’s girlfriend stays with him and helps her to hides the matter from her boyfriend is also a right action. This is his action is based on sympathizes and she just want to help her who is helpless that time. Golden RuleThe Golden Rule is an ethical code  or  morality that essentially states either the positive form of Golden Rule or the negative form Golden Rule. Positive form of Golden Rule states that one should treat others as one would like others to treat him while negative form of Golden Rule states that one should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated. If I were in Azad’s shoes I would not at the first place cheating behind Dian. This is because Azad was very angry and frustrated when she thought that Dian was cheating with Harris.In that case, I should have being loyal and faithful so that Dian will also do the same things to me because I believe if I cheat her, she must be very angry and sad too. Plus, Dian is very loyal and honest to me so there is no such thing that she is being unfaithful. As the villain, I think Azad would be very remorse because he had lied to Dian since Dian finally not choosing him as her future husband. Even though Di an wants to give him second chance Dian finally realised that she actually should have choose Harris who seems to be more honest.As for Saleem, he also must feels guilt for cheating on Dian’s money. He also must be very shame when the real landlord brought him to meet Dian and Harris to explain the truth and return the money back to Dian for justice. Lessons From the movie Istanbul Aku Datang, I have learnt that to build a good relationship with others, we must be very honest about our feeling. If we are honest and sincere in our relationship, the other could feel our sincerity. This is what happens between Dian and Harris. How Harris could ever win over Dian’s heart in a short time if it is not because of his honesty and sincerity.By the time, when he at first let Dian gives Azad the second chance because he is altruistic and want to see Dian happy, he realised that Dian will be happier if Dian with him. So, he runs after Dian and though his eyes, Dian could see the s incerity and causing her to choose Harris instead of Azad. In conclusion, honesty is the best policy. The second thing that I have learnt is we should not take advantages over someone else’s problem for our own self-interest. This is because at the of the day we will get the punishment, either sooner or later because I believe that what goes around comes around.